On 21 June 1798, 20,000 men, women and children found themselves trapped on a hill outside Enniscorthy, Co. Wexford, facing a Crown force of some 15,000 troops led by no less than four generals and 16 general officers. It was the dying days of a rebellion that had shaken British rule in Ireland to its core. The army that now surrounded the hill was determined that none should escape.
Despite an ever-expanding literature on Irish castles, the relationships between the castle building tradition in Ireland and those of contemporary Europe have attracted very little attention among Irish scholars.
Ireland Under the Normans Orpens magnum opus was originally published in two volumes in 1911, and a further two in 1920 a total of some 1500 pages. Clarendon Press subsequently reissued the four volumes in 1968. It remains unsurpassed to this day. This new Four Courts Press edition, which is printed in one volume, incorporates the original pagination so that readers can refer to the earlier edition with ease.